Ketones in insulin resistant state Essay Example for Free

Ket unrivaleds in insulin resistant state Essay1. How is glucose normally retained in the post absorptive state?2. Why is muscle glycogen not useful for blood glucose3. Why may this situation have evolved4. chthonic what circumstances do you think substantial gluconeogenesis will occur5. What is necessary for the production of ketones6. What will reduce acetyl CoA oxidation7. When is oxaloacetate availability impair8. When is the regulation of gluconeogenesis disruptedGlycolysis and gluconeogenesis ar reciprocally regulated by each otherwise. What promotes the activity of one inhibits the other.Lack of insulin leads to high levels of glucose in the blood, gluc levels exceed renal threshold. . this causes excess piddle to excreted in urine (polyuria) Ketones are formed when there is not enough sugar or glucose to supply the bodys fuel needs. This occurs overnight, and during dieting or fasting. During these periods, insulin levels are suffering, but glucagon and epinephrine levels are relatively normal. This combination of low insulin, and relatively normal glucagon and epinephrine levels causes fat to be released from the fat cells. The fats travel finished the blood circulation to reach the liver where they are processed into ketone units.The ketone units then circulate back into the blood stream and are picked up by the muscle and other tissues to fuel your bodys metabolism. In a person without diabetes, ketone production is the bodys normal adaptation to starvation. Blood sugar levels never pretend too high, because the production is regulated by just the right balance of insulin, glucagon and other hormones.However, in an individual with diabetes, dangerous and life-threatening levels of ketones can develop. When there is not enough insulin, the fat cells keep releasing fat into the circulation, and the liver keeps making more and more ketones and ketoacids. The rising ketoacid levels sustain the blood pH too low (acidotic/Diabetic Keto-Acidosi s), which is an emergency medical situation and requires immediate medical attention.Oxidation reaction leads to release of h+ ionsLipogenesisSince carbohydrates are the major part of the diet, they must be immediately converted into energy, stored as glycogen, or converted into fats. The introduction has already presented the facts about the necessity of storing energy as fat. A total of 55% of the carbohydrates are involved in the implication of fats. The total energy content of the diet must be balanced with the energy requirements of the human body. If excess foods (calories) are ingested beyond the bodys energy needs, the excess foods (energy) are converted into fat. If insufficient calories are ingested, the energy deficit is made up by oxidizing fat reserves. These simple facts provide the fundamental to weight control although it is probably more easily understood than carried out in practice. Excessive deposits of lipids lead to an obese condition. Extensive blood capilla ry networks in these deposits mean that they are quite active metabolically. Obesity puts a strain on the heart by causing it to pump blood through particular capillaries.Generally, obesity results from overeating, but a few people have malfunctioning endocrine glands. Lipid metabolism is in a constant state of participating equilibrium. This means that some lipids are constantly being oxidized to meet energy needs, while others are being synthesized and stored. In rats, the average life-time of a wholeness lipid molecule ranges from 2 to 10 days. A similar figure probably applies to human lipid metabolism. The sequence of reactions involved in the formation of lipids is cognize as Lipogenesis. Lipogenesis is not simply the reverse of the buttery acid spiral, but does start with acetyl CoA and does build up by the addition of two carbons units. The synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm in contrast to the degradation (oxidation) which occurs in the mitochondria. Many of the enzymes for the fatty acid synthesis are organized into a multienzyme complex called fatty acid synthetase. The major points in the overall lipogenesis reactions areStarvation and Diabetes Synthesis of Ketone BodiesWhen the body is deprived of food whether by voluntary or involuntary fasting, starvation is the net result. During starvation, glycogen reserves are rapidly depleted and the body begins to metabolize reserves of fat and protein. The entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid roulette wheel depends on the availability of oxaloacetic acid for the formation of citric acid. In starvation or uncontrolled diabetes situations, oxaloacetic acid is used to synthesize glucose and is then not getable for use with acetyl CoA. Under these conditions, acetyl CoA is diverted from the citric acid cycle to the formation of acetoacetic and 3-hydroxybutanoic acids. In three steps, two acetyl CoA react to make acetoacetic acid. The acetoacetic acid may be changed into either acetone or 3-hydroxybu tanoic acid.All three compounds are collectively known as ketone bodies even though one is not a ketone. The odor of acetone may be detected on the breath of a person with excess ketone bodies in the blood. The overall accruement of ketone bodies in blood and urine is known as ketosis. The acids also upset buffers in the blood to cause acidosis. Both acetoacetic acid and 3-hydroxybutanoic acid can be used by the heart, kidneys, and brain for metabolism to produce energy. The heart and kidneys actually prefer these to glucose. In contrast, the brain prefers glucose, but will adapt if necessary in starvation or diabetic conditions. Link to Ketone Bodies (move cursor over arrows)