UK Immigration Policies Exclude Asylum Seekers Essay

UK Immigration Policies Exclude Asylum Seekers - Essay Example Most of the UK local councils and Government organizations define an asylum seeker as â€Å"someone who enters its territory, seeks refugee status and awaits a decision by its Government on his / her application† (London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, n. d.). This means that anyone who enters the UK territory for some reasons of persecution from another country and applies for a refugee status remains officially an asylum seeker as long as the application remains pending. Asylum seekers whose applications are accepted would become refugees. But, part 6 of the 1999 Immigration and Asylum Act of the UK explains that the term ‘asylum seekers’ also includes those â€Å"who have made no claim for protection under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its Optional Protocol of 1967†. The term also includes those people who have children under the age of 18 but failed in their asylum claim (Harvey, 2002: 189). There are researchers who correctly think that a clear-cut definition is lacking for these terms resulting in confusion on a relationship between asylum and international protection (Kourala, 1997: 274). Several countries have their own independent immigration laws and policies to deal with the asylum seekers and the UK has also been pursuing its own immigration policy. The policy has surely an objective to achieve. A close examination of its policies and laws reveal that the policies are guided by the objective of discouraging the increasing number of immigrants entering the country. Available literature on immigration and asylum seekers suggests that majority of the UK people, like the other Europeans, are ready to accept the increasing inflow of immigrants on the condition that immigrants learn all types of skilled work, that they do not seek full welfare benefits and that they accept and adopt the host culture (Liddle and Diamond, 2006: 26).

Life Is Easier Essay Example for Free

Life Is Easier Essay Living today is more comfortable and easier than when your grandparents were children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Recently, my grandparents often recall how difficult their lives were when they were young, claiming that my generation has much easier lives than they had. I agree with them. In fact, life today is much more comfortable and easier than it was in my grandparents’ youth for some reasons. First, technology has made modern-day life much more comfortable than in the past. During my grandparents’ time, life was rough and hard because all the work was done without any modern tool, so they had to do their laundry by hand, walked from one place to another by feet. Furthermore, there was limited in entertainment choices in the past. They could at best listen to the radio or perhaps watch a black-and-white movie for pleasure. Today, however, living has become a lot easier thanks to technological developments. We launder our clothes with washing machine, uses buses, subways, or cars to move around. We also enjoy home theater systems, DVDs, and video games. Technology has definitely improved our lives. In addition, people today have more leisure time than they did before. People no longer have to work very long hours like my grandparents did. Since my grandparents were farmers, they had to work in the rice field all day long even without resting on weekends. In contrast, many people today, including my parents, simply work from nine to five on weekdays and take weekends off. They therefore have much free time than my grandparents did, so they can spend more time on leisure activities. They go to the movies, go to the gym, or take trips. All these activities have positive affect on their quality of living. In conclusion, people today have more comfortable and easier lives than in the past. This is the results of technological developments and the extra leisure time available. These factors will make our live even more comfortable in the future.

Personal Life of Babe Ruth :: essays research papers

Not all American legends live a wonderful life. For example, there was Babe Ruth. In the early years of the 1900's, the baseball life of 'The Great Bambino' had begun. The legend of Babe Ruth, born George Ruth, Jr., is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player. For instance, everybody knows how great a hitter Babe was, and virtually invented the homerun. But, not everybody knows what a great person he was when it came to children. Babe Ruth possessed the attribute of being brutal and incorrigible. He had many distinct characteristics. He is known primarily for his great baseball exploits and secondary as a man who stayed out late before every game and partied until there was no one left to party with. There is more behind the story of Babe Ruth than just baseball and parties. For instance, as a boy, Ruth was your average youth who got himself into a little too much trouble and really paid the price for it. He stole from stores, he skipped school, and chewed tobacco at the age of seven. His father often beat him because he thought young George was incorrigible. So his father took him to an orphanage. Not only did his father sent him to an orphanage, but signed over custody of his son to the Xaverian Brothers, whom were missionaries that ran St. Mary?s. St. Mary?s was the orphanage that Babe Ruth grew up at. Even though Babe did not realize it at the time, he came into a good thing. That?s where he met Brother Matthias, his mentor. Brother Matthias took young Ruth under his wing and taught him to read, write, do needle work, play baseball, and right from wrong. Ruth showed startling natural talent with a bat, so Brother Matthias tried to round young George into a complete baseball player by teaching him to pitch and outfield. Ruth said, ?Brother Matthi as was the greatest man I ever knew?. Soon after, Babe changed the game of baseball. Ruth is perhaps the most recognized player in Major league Baseball history. Where he was, the fans followed, the attendance was always the greatest in his presence. He is by far America?s greatest sports hero. Aside from being a great ball player, he was also a husband and a father. He cared more for his family than he liked to show. Personal Life of Babe Ruth :: essays research papers Not all American legends live a wonderful life. For example, there was Babe Ruth. In the early years of the 1900's, the baseball life of 'The Great Bambino' had begun. The legend of Babe Ruth, born George Ruth, Jr., is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player. For instance, everybody knows how great a hitter Babe was, and virtually invented the homerun. But, not everybody knows what a great person he was when it came to children. Babe Ruth possessed the attribute of being brutal and incorrigible. He had many distinct characteristics. He is known primarily for his great baseball exploits and secondary as a man who stayed out late before every game and partied until there was no one left to party with. There is more behind the story of Babe Ruth than just baseball and parties. For instance, as a boy, Ruth was your average youth who got himself into a little too much trouble and really paid the price for it. He stole from stores, he skipped school, and chewed tobacco at the age of seven. His father often beat him because he thought young George was incorrigible. So his father took him to an orphanage. Not only did his father sent him to an orphanage, but signed over custody of his son to the Xaverian Brothers, whom were missionaries that ran St. Mary?s. St. Mary?s was the orphanage that Babe Ruth grew up at. Even though Babe did not realize it at the time, he came into a good thing. That?s where he met Brother Matthias, his mentor. Brother Matthias took young Ruth under his wing and taught him to read, write, do needle work, play baseball, and right from wrong. Ruth showed startling natural talent with a bat, so Brother Matthias tried to round young George into a complete baseball player by teaching him to pitch and outfield. Ruth said, ?Brother Matthi as was the greatest man I ever knew?. Soon after, Babe changed the game of baseball. Ruth is perhaps the most recognized player in Major league Baseball history. Where he was, the fans followed, the attendance was always the greatest in his presence. He is by far America?s greatest sports hero. Aside from being a great ball player, he was also a husband and a father. He cared more for his family than he liked to show.

Ideas of Charles Cooley

Charles Cooley was born on 17th August 1864 and died on 8th May1929. He was George Mead’s contemporary, and each greatly influenced the other’s thinking. Like Mead, Cooley believed that social interaction is the basis of the socialization process. Cooley saw the individual and society as parts of a whole, not as separate entities. In Cooley’s theory, each individual is linked to the social world mainly through the looking glass self. His own self-examination and observation of his children aided him in forming his concepts of the looking-glass self and primary groups.This essay focuses on the looking glass self theory of Charles Cooley and his other ideas. Sociologist Charles Cooley is best known for his concept of looking glass self, the theory that self-image is formed largely by the message we get from others, and an individual’s interpretation of those messages. Cooley argued that a person’s self grows out of a person’s transaction with o thers. One’s consciousness of him or herself is a reflection of the ideas about him or herself that he or she attributes to other minds; thus, there can be no isolated selves.In other words Cooley says that we see ourselves as we think others see us. For example, when learning table manners children develop a sense of what others find acceptable and as they a taught they become socialized. Through the looking glass, we learn that we are intelligent or dull, attractive or unattractive. Cooley argues that the judgments of some people in our lives are more important than judgments of others, for example a spouse’s compliment or low opinion may have a greater effect on someone’s self perception than the same comment made by some stranger.The lingering influence of significant of others helps explain how we can sometimes maintain a positive self image at times when many people look down on us, or negative self image when many people think well of us. The looking glas s self is a simple and domestic metaphor for the way society’s image for us becomes incorporated into our own self image. The looking-glass self begins at an early age and continues throughout a person’s entire life as one will never stop modifying their self unless all social interactions cease.We do not see ourselves us through the eyes of others quite as literally as we see ourselves in an actual mirror. Our notion of how others see us may not be quite accurate and we may also be evaluated differently by different people. What others think of you is no doubt very important in making your self-image and as a result, who you are and what you do. According to Cooley, we gain a definition of our self in three steps: firstly through the beliefs about how we appear to others, secondly through the beliefs about their judgments of how we appear to them and thirdly the response to the imagined judgment.Through the imagined judgment we develop pride, shame, improved self-este em, slightly damaged self-esteem, and other attributes of the self. Once Cooley had established his theory of the self, he then focused his analysis on the human groupings that he conceived to be primary and secondary in linking man with his society and in integrating individuals into the social fabric. Cooley defined primary groups as those small groups in which all the members have enduring, intimate face-to-face interaction and cooperation. Cooley coined the term primary for these groups because they include the family, our first social group, and social linkages.Close friends, children’s play groups, and perhaps some neighbors and some work groups also constitute primary groups. As Cooley explains, primary groups are important in forming the social nature and ideals of individuals. In primary groups, members value each other as individuals and achieve from personal fulfillment. They do things that will benefit the group, without expectation of payment or self-serving bene fit. Example, one member of a family might wash laundry or perform housework that benefits all members.On the other hand, secondary groups are larger groups in which all members do not interact directly and have relationships that are not permanent. Members do not share intimate bonds like those in primary groups. People do join these groups for benefits in some way. They may leave the group or join other groups when they feel like it is necessary. However, these groups may still have some shared norms and sense of group identity. Examples of secondary groups include office workers and students in an exercise class. These groups are also important to our views of ourselves, but less to the primary groups.The notions of the looking-glass self and the primary group are closely related in Cooley's views. The reactions to the thoughts of others is the mark of the mature human and according to Cooley can be developed and fostered only in the close and intimate interactions of the primary group. Hence, this group is the cell in which characteristically human growth takes place. In the primary group the immature and self-centered person is slowly attuned to the needs and desires of others and becomes fitted to the give-and-take of mature social life.The primary group fosters the ability to put oneself into the position of others, drawing the individual out of egotistic isolation by building into him that sensitivity to the clues of others without which social life would be impossible. The differences between primary and secondary groups are as follows, primary groups are smaller because it consists of few members and this helps develop its members personal relations among themselves while secondary groups are larger and due to its size the members do not have personal relations. Relation is natural in primary groups and formal in secondary groups.Also the position of members is determined by his work or function in secondary groups but in primary groups, the position of each person is determined on the basis of the family. Cooley’s sociology is holistic. He stressed about the systematic relationships between social processes in society. He argued that each aspect of society was dependent on others for its growth and survival. If we say that society is an organism, we mean that it is a complex form of processes each of which is living and growing by interaction with the others, the whole being so unified that what takes place in one part affects all the rest.In addition to these essential concerns, Cooley, like W. I Thomas & George H Mead made a crucial important contribution to sociological method. Independently of Max Weber but roughly the same time as he, they argued that the study of human actions must be concerned with the meanings human actors attach to the situation in which they find themselves hence the study must go beyond purely behavioral description. Cooley believed that the social sciences deprived themselves of their best m aterial by leaving out human motives for action.Cooley emphasized that the study of the human social world must be centered upon attempts to examine the subjective meanings human actors attribute to their actions, and that such meanings must be studied in part through ‘understanding' rather than through exclusive reliance on the reporting of behavior. Cooley's theories provided evidence in response to a threefold necessity that had developed within the society. The first of which was the necessity to create an understanding of ocietal phenomena that highlighted the subjective mental processes of individuals yet realized that these subjective processes were effects and causes of society's processes. The second necessity examined the development of a social dynamic conception that pictured states of chaos as natural occurrences which could provide opportunities for â€Å"adaptive innovation. † Finally, a need to demonstrate that people were capable of exerting some form o f â€Å"informed moral control† over current problems and future directions.In conclusion, Charles Cooley is known in sociology most commonly for his development for the looking glass self. Cooley was one of the first to define the exact importance that society plays in forming the individual. He was also renowned for discovering human groups within the society stating that there are primary and secondary groupings that link man to society each having different, however, similar functions. Moreover, he argued that society is like an organism in the sense that each aspect of society is dependent on the other in order to survive.Furthermore Cooley argued that the study of human actions must be concerned with the meanings humans attach to the activity. Finally, Cooley’s theories provided evidence in response to a threefold necessity that developed within the society – necessities to create an understanding of social phenomena, a necessity that examined a social dyn amic conception and a need to demonstrate that people were capable of exerting some form of informed moral control.Bibliography Coser L. A, Masters of Sociological Thought, 2nd Ed, Aarcourt Brace & Company, New York, 1977. Levine, D. N, Visions of the Sociological Tradition. The University of Chicago Press, 1995 Starks, R. Sociology. 10th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007. Stolley, K. S, The Basics of Sociology, Greenwood Press, Westport Connecticut, 2005

Book Review: Soft Skills for Success

Author informationGRK Murty, a postgraduate in Agricultural sciences with CAIIB, DM and PG Diploma in Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, is currently working for The ICFAI University, as Associate Dean. Earlier, he worked at AP Agricultural University, Hyderabad for six years and later with Bank of India for 27 years. He had a stint at Bank of India Management Development Institute, Mumbai as a faculty member and Vice- Principal. He took voluntary retirement as Asst. General Manager in the year 2000.He has published around 45 papers in Science, Banking, Management and Insurance journals. He has also presented papers on Banking and Insurance at National and International seminars. He has published 100 articles in finance and HR magazines. He has to his credit two edited books: Forex Markets: Exchange Rate Dynamics; and Derivatives Markets – Vol 1. He is the Consulting Editor for the ICFAI Journal of Bank Management.The Book There is a popular belief that in todayâ⠂¬â„¢s fast changing and challenging business environment, ‘soft skills’ are more critical for success than hard skills. This is a misconception. The reality is that it has always been that way! Nobody in history ever succeeded in delivering a great executive and business performance consistently through hard skills alone. General and widespread awareness of the tremendous importance of soft skills in management is, of course, a more recent phenomenon. As the world has become  more and more competitive in recent decades, organizations are finding that under-productivity and incompetence of their personnel are becoming less and less affordable.And when the factors determining employee effectiveness are analyzed, many organizations find glaring inadequacies in soft skills, undermining the effectiveness of their smartest, hardest working and most knowledgeable employees/executives. The managers concerned would not have been recruited in the first place for their soft ski lls; at the recruitment stage, their domain knowledge alone would have been comprehensively tested and retested. Nor would they have received any particularly meaningful training subsequently in soft skills improvement, because until recently, soft skills seldom received the attention they deserved. Most organizations worked on the premise that soft skills are inherited skills and they cannot be acquired.At best, they can only be cultivated, honed or fine-tuned along the way in a managerial or executive career through observation and experience. In the actual experience of many organizations, such hopes seem to have been significantly belied, inevitably warranting resort, in recent decades, to a more professional approach for the enrichment of this critically important managerial input within the organization. The imperatives of competitiveness pushed organizations to give increased attention to the soft skills of their people, which seemed to really script the success of organizati ons better than mere hard skills. The problem has been extensively discussed and researched upon, resulting in the emergence of a whole lot of literature on the subject in the last couple of decades.A lot of work has been done on the assessment of soft skills and on the various measures for improvements in the levels of such skills across the cadres in many progressive organizations. Soft Skills for Success by GRK Murty, discusses the whole gamut of soft skills in a lucid, persuasive and self-explanatory fashion, between the covers of a well-written, 200-page volume. The treatment is intended for the lay reader and is quite free from jargon. Even so, the book is comprehensive without being pedantic. By drawing generously upon the views, ideas and thoughts of a wide spectrum of management experts, academics and business magnates and matching them with the traditional wisdom of the prescriptions of oriental and occidental scriptures and classics, the book invests itself with credibili ty and authority. The author organizes the book in four sections.The first section  titled â€Å"Know Thyself† introduces the reader to a definition and description of soft skills. The second section focuses on role, role perception and the management of role-conflicts in the work situation. It has a chapter exclusively dedicated to the discussion of creativity in the workplace. The third section on â€Å"Communication and Personality Differentiation† offers cogent and well argued essays on communication skills, listening skills and negotiating skills, in separate chapters. The fourth and final section is dedicated to interpersonal skills. The six interesting chapters in this section deal with issues like assertiveness, handling of interpersonal conflicts, counseling, leadership, mentoring, etc.CriticismThe author provides a systematic and uncomplicated treatment of the various topics taken up for coverage. The book is compact without being dense, and takes the reade r through a guided tour of the soft skills domain. It is an interesting and informative excursion. Given the importance of the subject matter of the book to the aspirants in the employment market as also to those already pursuing careers in management (adequately equipped with appropriate hard skills for jobs but looking out for reinforcement of soft skills), and given the orderly and stimulating manner in which the subject has been presented, it can fairly and safely be predicted that the book would see several reprints in the years to come.ConclusionSoft Skills are intangible, hard to define but that’s what makes us a whole human being, a social individual. Successful people are always found to be not just professional but they also have these ‘PLUS’ qualities – ‘soft skills’ – that others do not posses

Consenting AdultsThe Idea of Consent in the Works of Locke and Rousseau essays

Consenting AdultsThe Idea of Consent in the Works of Locke and Rousseau essays The idea of consent is a key element in the works of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In the Second Treatise of Government, Locke puts forth his conception of the ideal form of government based on a social contract. As Locke develops his theory of consent, he also incorporates theories of political obligation on the part of all citizens of his state as well as his theory of revolution and the conditions under which rebellion is permissible. Though Locke may appear to have explored the notion of consent completely, there are some problems with his theory that weaken its impact. Despite the possible problems encountered with Lockes idea of consent in a political society, Rousseau, in his essay On the Social Contract, seems to agree with Locke with regards to the concept of consent as it applies to the use of money. The works of Locke and Rousseau explore political foundations that depend on a social contract which requires consent above all things in order to secure liberty f or the people. John Locke powerfully details the benefits of consent as a principle element of government, guaranteed by a social contract. Locke believes in the establishment of a social compact among people of a society that is unique in its ability to eliminate the state of nature. Locke feels the contract must end the state of nature agreeably because in the state of nature every one has executive power of the law of nature(742). This is a problem because men are then partial to their own cases and those of their friends and may become vindictive in punishments of enemies. Therefore, Locke maintains that a government must be established with the consent of all that will restrain the partiality and violence of men(744). People must agree to remove themselves from the punishing and judging processes and create impartiality in a government so that the true equality of men can be preserved. Wit...

How did Dickens change the character of Scrooge Essay Example

How did Dickens change the character of Scrooge Essay Example How did Dickens change the character of Scrooge Paper How did Dickens change the character of Scrooge Paper Essay Topic: Literature Life in Victorian times was often hard. There were rich people and also lots of poor people at that time. Charles Dickens wrote this book to make people aware of the plight of the children of the Poor. A Christmas Carol is a novella that describes a character called Ebenezer Scrooge who was a greedy old man who was tight-fisted, miserly, squeezing, wrenching and scraping. He was a man who had a hard heart as the shell of a cloyster. Scrooge was an emotionally cold man who had no passion for anybody. Due to all his sinful acts, the ghost of his long gone partner and friend Joseph Marley visited him and told him he would be visited by three ghosts, Ghost of his Christmas Past, Present and Future if he did not change. After he had been visited by all these ghosts the transformation in his life began and he finally became a jovial, cheerful hearted person. At the beginning of the novella, Scrooges character was unbearable and was also awful to people. Scrooge never liked Christmas or Charity. Caring for the poor of the sick were not his best behavior. He didnt even care and show love to his workers especially Bob Crachit his clerk. He showed his hatred to Bob Crachit by not giving him coal to replenish his fire even though Bob did not have enough. He always kept an eye on the clerk to see if he was working or not. Scrooge also showed a bad attitude to his nephew who came to him and asked him if he would come and dine with them on Christmas day. Scrooge refused and called Christmas Humbug he also said to his nephew . What right have you to be merry? Youre poor enough. But the nephew behaved in a more reasonable way by not replying in a violent manner. Scrooge also behaved greedily by not giving money to the gentlemen who came for money to the poor. But not only did scrooge behaved greedily but he also used abusive words saying . If they would rather die, they better do it, and decrease the surplus population.. . On Christmas Eve Scrooge was visited by the ghost of his long gone friend/partner Jacob Marley. Scrooge was scared seeing Jacob Marley and he was shocked at the tone at the way Marley spoke. Marley knew that Scrooge didnt believed in him so he went straight to the point about why he had come. He told Scrooge that he should change his ways. He should start liking Christmas and he should give to charity and his behavior should improve. Marley also warned him that if he does not change his ways he would be working all over the earth like he was, that he wouldnt move on after death. He also told Scrooge that he would be visited by three ghosts, Ghost of Christmas Past, ghost of Christmas present and ghost of Christmas Future ( If he does not change). Jacob Marley also told Scrooge to change for the better so that he would have real when he dies. Scrooge thought on what Marley said when Marley went and he was quite prepared for the first ghost. At the struck of One oclock. Scrooge woke up and from the curtains came a brighten shine light. And lo and Behold there was a soft gentle voice which called Scrooge and took him to the town where he studied in school as a boy. As a boy Scrooge was lonely and was often in the boarding school even when his friends went home for holidays. This was due to the hatred of his father towards him Scrooge often red fantasy storybooks like Ali Baba to comfort himself. Scrooge felt very sad for his younger self. The ghost asked him what was wrong but Scrooge answered oh nothing, there was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night, I should like to have given him something thats all. The ghost smiled. The ghost later showed him the Feeziwigs party where scrooge learnt that it wasnt wealth that matters it is the state of your heart. After Scrooge observed the way the Feeziwigs treated there workers Scrooge wished he could say a word or two to his clerk Bob Crachit. A;; this things the ghost were showing him were for him to see how his past was and what made him a selfish, greedy man that he was. The ghost then showed him his fianci e Belle who he neglected in favour of the wealth. Scrooge sees Belles happy family and realizes what he had missed. He shows this saying The children of Belle might had called me father He showed grieve saying Remove me from this place Remove me! Take me back, Haunt me no longer! . The ghost saw that he felt bad and he wished he had longer. People speak of Scrooge in bad way, Example of one these people is Mrs. Crachit who was very angry when her husband said a toast should be given to Scrooge. She shows this by saying I wish I had him here. Id give him a piece of my mind to feast upon, and I hope hed have a good appetite for it. When Scrooge heard this he felt morose and remorse, sad. He felt as if he had been a good man from the start of his life. Also from the beginning of the chapter we saw that the transformation in Scrooges life as started picking up speed because he said to the ghost of the Christmas Present I want to learn something from what you would show me. After that the ghost showed him all around to the countryside where he saw people that are not all that wealthy but celebrate Christmas. Scrooge learnt from them. The ghost led Scrooge to his nephew Fred to go and show him how Christmas is celebrated there. In Freds house Fred and is friends, cousins played a guessing game where people had to guess who Fred was thinking about. It was Freds turn and he said someone was an animal who was he. Everybody guessed who it was but they failed until Freds cousin said Scrooge and she was right. But Fred gave a toast to Scrooge without feeling bad. Scrooge feeling bad as well. At the Crachits house Scrooge looked at tiny Time and he asked the ghost maybe he would live. But unfortunately the ghost said if Scrooge doesnt change the boy would die. The ghost also used Scrooges words against him .. What then? If he like to die, he had better do it and decrease the surplus population.. Scrooge was overcome with grief and penitence because his own words had been used against him. After the visit of the last scary ghost (Phantom) Scrooge met himself inside is bedroom his curtains, furniture and his bed were still there. He remembered the promise he had made to the phantom saying I will live in the Past, The Present and the Future The spirits of all three shall strive within me . He truly wanted to keep his promise. On Christmas morning Scrooge started enjoying Christmas and he sent a whole large Turkey to the Crachits family. He also told the two men in the beginning of the novella that he would also contribute to Charity. From this part the language Scrooge uses were jovial, light-hearted, cheerful, good honored language. Scrooge became a jovial and happy man. He greeted everyone he found one the way Merry Christmas. He had become a totally changed man. We know this due to the language he uses in the beginning of the novella which were miserable, pathetic and were not joyful. He normally uses words like Bah, Humbug which means rubbish. He also used an awful language against the men that came to him for the money for Charity, Scrooge never liked anything good but again he never uses his money to enjoy himself. Scrooge had changed in all circumstances. He liked Christmas. He never despises the poor again and he gives to Charity. He enjoyed working with Bob Crachit again he doubled Bobs salary so that he could feed his starving family much better. He also saw that Tiny Tim does not die and he became more like a father to him. In the whole novella Charles Dickens showed how a greedy old man changes through all the sights and experiences he has learnt to became a joyful and happy man. Charles Dickens also made us know that behavior like Scrooges would get one nowhere in life. It also makes us know or learn that one should be responsible for each other.

Please, Please Do Your Homework Before Pitching

Please, Please Do Your Homework Before Pitching Frequently I receive emails from prospective writers asking what I seek for FundsforWriters. Some go as far as to ask what I pay, how I pay, and how quickly I pay without so much as a hint to what they propose to write. While I know cultures change from country to country, even state to state, the fact is its rather presumptuous to ask how youre going to get paid before you demonstrate youre a writer. If you wish to pitch a magazine, website, newsletter, anthology or prospective client, please do the following first: 1) Read up all you can on the entity before you make a connection. If its a magazine, study the ads, the old articles, and the masthead to see how many articles are usually written in-staff versus freelance. And if they have guidelines, 2) Have a website or blog that demonstrates who you are and what you are capable of doing. 3) Know what youd like to pitch to the publication after understanding what they need. When you pitch, do NOT say the following: 1) You are a new writer seeking to break in. 2) You want to know how and when youll get paid. 3) You want the editor to tell you what to write. 4) You cannot find the guidelines. 5) You are retired, a student, a stay-at-home mom, disabled, a PhD candidate, etc. unless that has everything to do with what you are pitching. Its all about the article and your experience in writing THAT article, not your lifes history or ID. When you pitch, the editor absolutely wants the following: 1) A memo to them personally, not the team, or the editor, or to whom it may concern. 2) A pitch for a story that matches the publication perfectly. 3) Enough

Malicious softwares Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Malicious softwares - Essay Example These malware programs tend to infect systems and bundle other programs by attaching themselves as macros to computer files. These malware programs are also installed through the exploitation of a vulnerable spot in an operating system, a network spot, or even a hole that is existent in a browser. For these programs to cause harm to the computer, they have to multiply; which is a basic characteristic for them. Worms and viruses have the ability to alter the normal operation of an operating system; inflicting various kernel-level items (Christodorescu et al. 2007). These kernel items carry specific information with them that act as an indicator to existence of malware programs in the computer. As these malwares attach themselves to the computer, they tend to interact with various programs and increase their level of sophistication in order to combat anti-malware solutions. Some types of viruses enter into the user computer systems through the email systems as well as the address books. These viruses present themselves in a manner to suggest their validity and objectivity from coming from a trusted host source. The execution of the host code supplements the execution of the viral code. The virus program is then able to destroy the host program and attach itself into the computer. However, not all viruses have the ability to overwrite other programs especially with their replicate copies (Gragido 2013). Some only infect the boot sector and move the data in the selected boot sector.

Differentiating Instruction and Why It Is Important- Bring it all Essay

Differentiating Instruction and Why It Is Important- Bring it all Together w8 - Essay Example Furthermore, one can also ask the help of the other faculty members in the department who may be knowledgeable of the profile of the students that one will have. Aside from talking with their previous teacher, one can administer a diagnostic pre-test during the start of the class (Carnegie Mellon, n.d.). This activity will be very useful in assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the students. Another activity that can be done is to ask the students to make a concept map about a major topic in the course one is teaching (Carnegie Mellon, n.d.). This can provide one with a clear sense of the extent of understanding of the students on the issues that will be discussed. It will help one point out the students’ false impressions and wrong beliefs. One of the challenges posed by the teaching profession is to be able to assess a student’s background knowledge. To be an effective teacher, one must find ways of determining where the students stand at the start of the class. It is only then that one can design a course which will be useful and appreciated by one’s

Treatment techniques of mental illnesses throughout history Coursework

Treatment techniques of mental illnesses throughout history - Coursework Example The perception of mental illnesses tends to differ from one culture to another. As a result, different cultures have varying views of what is considered normal and what can be regarded as abnormal. A culture’s perception of mental illnesses has an impact on the intervention strategies, which will be employed while treating a mental illness (Videbeck 4). Traditionally, the psychotherapy relied upon in the treatment of mental disorders borrowed a lot from the psychoanalytic framework, as well as the existential approaches. The influence of Sigmund Freud in the treatment of mental disorders is remarkable owing to the fact that the notion of psychoanalysis can be traced back to his works. This paper will examine how the views on mental illnesses have influenced the techniques of treatment throughout history. The paper will also explore some of the Greek and Roman perceptions of mental illnesses, as well as views of mental illnesses during the Middle Ages. The paper draws from the works of various authors in answering the study questions. The views and treatment of mental disorders throughout history Throughout history, there have been various perceptions of mental illnesses that have guided the treatment of these diseases, as well as how the society perceives mentally ill persons. Among the Greeks, Hippocrates, the famous Greek physician, perceived mental illnesses as conditions that could be understood in relation to physiology that can be termed as disturbed. The Greek held that mental illnesses can be understood in the realm of possession by demons, or the anger of gods. Medical practitioners in Greek later on came up with treatments, which could be used for persons suffering from mental illnesses. These new forms of treatment focussed on the use of drugs in treating mental illnesses, as well as availing care from the family members who provide support to the mentally ill persons (Videbeck 5). The Greek can be regarded as the first group of people that id entified mental illnesses as conditions as opposed to the belief mental illnesses signified wicked supernatural powers. According to the Greeks, conditions such as hysteria only affected women as a result of their uterus that could be considered as wandering. The Greek also used some unique ways of treating mental illnesses. For instance, psychosis was treated using blood-letting while the treatment of depression took place through bathing. Based on the treatment methods employed by the Greeks, there was no room for the use of words that could console the patient (Davies et al. 18). In Greece, there was  some stigma attached to mental illnesses during the ancient times; mentally-ill persons suffered a lot of shame, humiliation, and loss of respect. Ancient Greeks believed that mental illnesses were an indication of punishment for both the major, as well as minor transgressions, which a person may have committed. The Greek society always shunned and isolated those individuals who h ad any form of mental condition. Some people could be locked up in order to keep them off from other people, and to some extent some could be killed in order to prevent them from becoming a nuisance to others in the society (Bewley 4). With time, the Greeks came to believe that the agents they did not see could not be used as the basis upon which mental disorders could be understood. As a result, there arose a need to know the exact causes of mental illnesses,

What are your opinions of the movies uploaded to Moodle this week Essay

What are your opinions of the movies uploaded to Moodle this week - Essay Example presents President Bush to have rigged the general election and consequently declared the winner portray that political interests are marred with personal gains more than the interests of the people who elect the leaders into their respective positions. To pursue these interests, mechanisms must be put into place in order to facilitate the entire process. The second movie merges politics with conflict, war and hope at the same time. The US has for a long time pursued the Middle East countries, engaging them in wars and/or fighting them when warring with other countries other than the US. Analyzing the concepts under which this is beneficial or harmful only proves difficult than the subject matter. US has destroyed and messed up many Middle East countries, but at the same time it has actively been involved in the reconstruction of these nations. Such a process denotes hope for the disadvantaged, but the interest pursued here remains unclear. The 9/11 event therefore puts forward the theory of â€Å"things gone futile†, when the US found itself under attacks. Further to the interests of this movie, the Middle East and the US have been said to collaborate in business. This fact only makes the analysis of the relationship between these nations dynamic, critical and hard to explain, just represented by the film. Media reporting and the lies of Michael Moore can be connected, and a balance can indeed be stricken between the two. The Aljazeera Control Room (Part 1) and the lies of Michael Moore depict critical analysis of the things that have been taken literally or for granted by the society in relation to politics and governance. Unfairenheit 9/11- The lies of Michael Moore can be described as an insult to the word â€Å"dishonest†. This film presents very analytical cases of events that occur in the ordinary social setting but with rare realization of the ordinary person. However, to my own opinion, these movies have been exaggerated to present the cases contained

Evaluation of the Visual Environment - analyse the interactions Essay

Evaluation of the Visual Environment - analyse the interactions between surfaces and light - Essay Example Whenever light hits on a surface, three possibilities exist: It is reflected, transmitted or absorbed (Phillips,2008). Wall -The walls of a room do not emit light but reflects light from the lights on the ceilings or coming from outside. The large part of light falls on the walls and they have a significant role in changing the atmosphere of an architectural space. Light bounces or reflects off the wall and light up the entire room and here the light is coming from outside through glass on the wall. Light definitely does scatter off all kinds of different surfaces, but when there is light on the ceiling, that will be illuminating the walls, the walls will tend to appear bright because the light is scattering off those walls, and they’ll for example  preferentially scatter some colors more than others†. (Karsh,2013) The color of the walls makes the light absorb or reflect light. Naturally white walls here reflect all the light hit on its surface and makes the room look brighter or whiter. All reflected light follow the relationship, called Snells Law, that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection (Optical Society of America, 2008) .Here, there is also glass on the walls which does not reflect light. The absorption of light on the wall depends on the color of the wall. The dark colored walls absorb light comparing to light colored and white walls. The glass walls absorb some of the light and make the room less bright. Glass has to do something more than transmitting light ( Brite,2013) .The glass walls in the kitchen does transmit light into the kitchen very well. The glass wall in the kitchen refract and enter the room .Nowadays, house owners want views from every corner of the room. As large expanses of glass became architecturally acceptable in traditi onal and modern homes, new technology is allowing living in a fishbowl more practical (Bounds, 2011).

What are your opinions of the movies uploaded to Moodle this week Essay

What are your opinions of the movies uploaded to Moodle this week - Essay Example presents President Bush to have rigged the general election and consequently declared the winner portray that political interests are marred with personal gains more than the interests of the people who elect the leaders into their respective positions. To pursue these interests, mechanisms must be put into place in order to facilitate the entire process. The second movie merges politics with conflict, war and hope at the same time. The US has for a long time pursued the Middle East countries, engaging them in wars and/or fighting them when warring with other countries other than the US. Analyzing the concepts under which this is beneficial or harmful only proves difficult than the subject matter. US has destroyed and messed up many Middle East countries, but at the same time it has actively been involved in the reconstruction of these nations. Such a process denotes hope for the disadvantaged, but the interest pursued here remains unclear. The 9/11 event therefore puts forward the theory of â€Å"things gone futile†, when the US found itself under attacks. Further to the interests of this movie, the Middle East and the US have been said to collaborate in business. This fact only makes the analysis of the relationship between these nations dynamic, critical and hard to explain, just represented by the film. Media reporting and the lies of Michael Moore can be connected, and a balance can indeed be stricken between the two. The Aljazeera Control Room (Part 1) and the lies of Michael Moore depict critical analysis of the things that have been taken literally or for granted by the society in relation to politics and governance. Unfairenheit 9/11- The lies of Michael Moore can be described as an insult to the word â€Å"dishonest†. This film presents very analytical cases of events that occur in the ordinary social setting but with rare realization of the ordinary person. However, to my own opinion, these movies have been exaggerated to present the cases contained

Analysis of time series data Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis of time series data - Research Paper Example Statistical forecasting methods depend on the fact that a time series could be rendered stationary. A stationary time series is a time series whose statistical properties such as mean, variance, autocorrelation, etc. remain constant over time. Statistical forecasting methods compute these stationary time statistical properties from its past values, and use them to predict future values since they will remain the same in the future. Obtaining statistical values such as means, variances, and correlation from non-stationary time series are non-meaningful. This is because such statistics represent only the past but not the future. For example, if the series is consistently increasing over time, the sample mean and variance will grow with the size of the sample, and they will always underestimate the mean and variance in future periods. For this reason much caution should be given to extrapolate regression models fitted to non-stationary data. However, most naturally created time series are non-stationary when expressed in their original units of measurements. They exhibit trends, cycles, random-walking and non-stationary behavior. They remain non-stationary even after deflation or seasonal adjustment. Transforming Non-Stationary Time Series: Non-stationary time series could be converted into stationary ones using mathematical transformations. Predictions for the stationarized series can then be "untransformed," by reversing whatever mathematical transformations were previously used, to obtain predictions for the original series. Thus, finding the sequence of transformations needed to stationarize a time series often provides important clues in the search for an appropriate forecasting model. Trend-Stationary Time Series: It is a time series with a stable long-run trend and reverts back to the trend line following a disturbance. It is stationarized by de-trending. De-treding involves fitting a trend line then subtracting it from the time series. Another way would include the time index as an independent variable in a regression or ARIMA model. Difference-stationary Time

Identify and Respond to Children and Young People at Risk of Harm Part 1 Essay Example for Free

Identify and Respond to Children and Young People at Risk of Harm Part 1 Essay CHCCHILD401B – Identify and Respond to Children and Young People at Risk of Harm Assignment 1: Off-the-job assessment You will need to have completed your readings from the OLS and be aware of the reporting procedures in your state/territory to complete the following questions and case studies. 1. Access the website from your state below and state what steps are required for making a report as a mandatory reporter.(copying and pasting from these sites is not appropriate and may result in a â€Å"Not Competent† result) Remember the following Protective Concerns Are: You are concerned about a child because you have: †¢ A child has disclosed (informed you) that they have been harmed or neglected. †¢ observed the child and seen indications that they are being abused or neglected. †¢ You have been made aware of possible indications of harm due to your involvement within the community outside of your professional role. At all times remember to: †¢always record any of your observations no information is irrelevant †¢ follow appropriate protocols of your centre and also child protection. †¢ consult notes and records †¢ inform and work with other workers that may need to know †¢ inform and work with other agencies if need be. 1. Step One Responding to Concerns  · If concerns are for a child that you believe is in significant risk of harm then you would refer to step four.  · If you believe that a family should be referred to child First then you go to step three  · In all other situations you go to step two 2. Step Two Forming a Belief on Reasonable Grounds  · Think about the level of danger the child may be involved in Is your belief informed that the child is at risk or is in significant danger think yes or no?  · Do you doubt the ability of the parents care toward the child or protection of the child yes or no?  · If yes for the questions you go to step four  · If you have concerns for the child or family refer them to child first if not in significant danger. 3. Step Three Making Referral to Child First  · Contact the local provider for Child First.  · Contact list is usually on department of human services website.  · Have notes with observations of the child and details about the family. 4. Step Four Make a report to Child Protection  · Call your local child protection provider immediately this is usually found on the department of human services website  · For after hours child protection emergency call the emergency line  · Have notes, observations of the child along with details of the family ready with you. Non mandated staff members that believe on â€Å"reasonable grounds† that a child is in dire need of protection are able to report concerns to child protection. 2. Where would you find information on how your service responds to Child Protection Issues? If unsure you can always ask your room leader or centre director to point you in the right direction. You will always find how your service acts and responds to child protection issues within the service policies and procedures and code of ethics. The overall regulations of how the service should respond will be found within the national regulations which is a set of guidelines for services and how they should be run. 3. 3. List the legislative acts that govern Child Protection Services in your state/territory. My state is Victoria and the legislative acts that are in my state are the following Principal Acts:  · Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (as amended 2011) Other relevant Acts:  · Working with Children Act  · Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005  · The Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006  · Family Law Act 1975

Influences on Peer Groups and Friendships

Influences on Peer Groups and Friendships Peer groups, social competence and friendship. Indicate the relevance or not of the following: Theory, Cultural differences, Age differences, Gender differences and methodological issues. Introduction It has been established that humans are social creatures. It has also been established that humans have an inclination to form social groupings for a myriad of psychological reasons, such as friendship, acceptance, comfort, togetherness and so forth. However, the ways in which these grouping takes place are rather more complex than one might expect. An examination of group development paying particular regard to the effects of age, culture, gender and theoretical bias on the concepts of peer groups, social competence and friendship was embarked upon. An evaluation was conducted of some key research that has attempted to examine and explain much of the core concepts and issues involved in social grouping and development. Group Alignment, Group Development and Group Dynamics Levine et al (1998) indicated that groups were more likely to accommodate new members if there was an established relationship between newcomers and already established members. This was believed to be due to the need to establish socialisation of new members through mentors. The relationship of newcomer to mentor was heavily dependant upon age difference (Levine et al, 1998). Research on socialisation effects conducted by Irons and Moore (1985) revealed that the significance of a mentor in including subjects that were formerly excluded. They suggested that these formerly excluded subjects were people such as women and people of alternate colour (Irons Moore, 1985). It should be noted that the theoretics used by Irons and Moore are based upon patriarchy and racial prejudice. Tuckman (1965) devised five stage theories in group development theory and later with his colleague Tuckman and Jenson (1977) extended this concept further. Forming Potential members align themselves to a group. Storming Members try to influence the group. This creates conflict within the group. Norming Members try to reconcile conflicts. Norms and roles are established. Performing Members perform tasks in accordance to group need. Adjourning Members become distanced from the group and group activities due to the perception that group costs outweigh group benefits. Social Facilitation Zajonc (1965) suggested three important factors in the significance of social groups. The presence of others generates arousal in the subject and stimulates behaviour. Arousal increases the tendency to perform a desired response from the subject. The quality and success of this response is dependant upon the type of task. Zajonc concluded that a dominant response was perceived as being required from the subject within a group. This affected the performance of easy tasks in a positive manner and difficult tasks in a negative manner. Mere Exposure Theory, Evaluation Theory and Distraction/Conflict Theory The idea of mere presence is integral to Zajonc’s findings on social facilitation. That is to say that effects of others as stimuli are dictated to by presence alone. However, others have suggested otherwise. Cottrell (1968), Henchey and Glass (1968), put forward evaluation theory which suggested that the success of social facilitation is dependant upon those who are perceived to be able to evaluate performance. For instance, those in a subjects peer group with certain perceived traits, such as competence, would have either positive or negative effects on the subject’s performance. Put forward by Baron (1986) and Sanders (1981) distraction/conflict theory suggests that the presence of distractive stimuli will effect social facilitation. For instance, the subject will produce social facilitation effects when others, such as friends, create distraction or attentional conflict. Group Roles, Norms and Cohesion Forsyth (1990) Levine and Moreland (1990) suggest that there are three major contributors to the dimension of social groups: Social roles, social norms and group cohesion. Roles a set of expected behaviours that are evaluated by a subjects established group role (established by either formal title or informal appreciation). Norms a set of established rules of conduct defined by the group dynamic. Cohesion the forces that push a group closer together in terms of purpose, attitude and goal (Cartwright Zander, 1960). Using a methodology supporting the idea of biologically predetermined group roles and norms Bales (1958) suggested that group roles and norms were based upon the traditional family dynamic i.e. the elite male role of the breadwinner and the submissive female role of caretaker. Examination of his methodological approach revealed that gender difference was not a predefining factor. Wood and Karten’s (1986) experiments into role performance of cross sex groups, was revaluated by Dovidio et al (1988). It was found amongst men and women who felt equally as competent, that the roles adopted were often similar (Dovidio et al, 1988). The Effects of Group Cohesiveness and Friendship Following on from Cartwright and Zander (1960), Carron et al (1985) suggested that group cohesiveness was comprised of two significant factors: a group’s orientation towards a goal and a group’s orientation towards its social relationships. It was observed by Carron (1985) that goal setting was a much more important part to success than social relationships. He determined that the successful completion of goals would increase self esteem and belief in the roles and norms of a group, whereas social relationships, such as friendship, would be more likely to distract the group from its collective goals. Carron (1982) defined a cohesive group as having a collective identity, a sense of shared purpose and structured patterns of communication (Carron, 1982). These were considered essential elements to the effectiveness of a group’s success and to it‘s cohesion. Collective identity the identity of a group seen in terms of its roles and norms. Sense of shared purpose an understanding of the importance of roles and the goals that they achieve Structured patterns of communication group acknowledgement, understanding, appreciation and communication of each roles needs and requirements. Conclusion The need for social groups drives the subject to undergo many developments in terms of social facilitation. It would seem from our examination that these factors are driven through a variety of factors. From the research we can see that group alignment is dependant upon relationships based upon age difference. It would also appear that group development requires challenges and subsequent reconciliation’s from certain subjects. It also appears that group dynamics are not necessarily composed of culturally or racially defined roles. Rather, it would appear that roles are intrinsic to socially defined goals and needs. The subject within the group would appear to be driven by other members in a way that is not quite as simple as, say, group conformity or peer competitiveness. It would also appear that group success is dependant upon the successful achievement of role defined goals. Furthermore, these role defined goals seem to be effected negatively by intimate individual relationships, such as friendship. In essence, theory, age, gender, culture and methodology are relevant to the way in which we understand peer groups, social competence and friendship and have psychological impact upon the development of social groupings and the very concept of ourselves as social creatures. Bibliography Bales, R, F., (1958) Task roles and social roles in problem-solving groups. In E. E. Maccoby, T.M. Newcomb, E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in Social Psychology (3rd Ed., p. 437-447). New York: Holt. Baron, R, S., (1986) Distraction-conflict theory: Progress and problems. In L, Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in experimental social psychology. Orlando: Academic Press. Carron, A.V., Widmeyer, W.N., Brawley, L.R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7. Carron, A.V. (1982). Cohesiveness in sport groups: Interpretations and considerations. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4. Cartwright, D., Zander, A., (1960) Group Dynamics: Research and Theory. (2nd ed. p. 69-94) Evanston: Row Peterson. Cottrell, N, B., (1968) Performance in the presence of other human beings: Mere presence, audience, and affiliation effects. In E, C., Simmel, R, A, Hoppe, G, A, Milton (Eds.) Social Facilitation and Intimate Behaviour (p. 91-110). Boston: Allyn Bacon. Davidio, J, F, Ellyson, S, L., Keating, C, F., Heltmen, K., Brown, C, E., (1988) The relationship of social power to visual displays of dominance between men and women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 233-242. Forsyth, D, R., (1990) Group Dynamics (2nd ed.) Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole. Henchy, T., Glass, D, C., (1968) Evaluation apprehension and the social facilitation of dominant and subordinate responses. Journal of personality and social psychology, 10, 446-454. Irons, E, D., Moore, G, W., (1985) Black Managers: The Case of the Banking Industry. New York: Praeger. Levine, J, M., Moreland, R, L., (1990) Progress in small groups research. Annual Review of Social Psychology, 41, 585-634. Levine, J, M., Moreland, R, L., Ryan, C, S., (1998) Group Socialisation and Intergroup Realtions. In C,Sedikides, J, Schopler, C, A, Inscko (Eds.) Intergroup Cognition and Intergroup Behaviour. Mahaw, NJ: Erlbaum. Sanders, G, S., (1981) Driven by distraction: An integrative review of social facilitation theory and research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 17, 227-251. Tuckman, B, W., (1965) Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 384-399. Tuckman, B, W., Jenson, M, A., (1977) Stages of small group development revisited. Group and Organisation Studies, 2, 419-427. Wood, W., Karten, S, J., (1986) Sex Differences in interaction style as product of perceived sex differences in competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 341-347. Zajonc, R, B., (1965) Social Facilitation. Science, 149, 269-274.

James Joyces Araby - An Analysis of Araby :: Joyce Dubliners Araby Essays

An Analysis of Joyce's Araby "Araby" is a short complex story by Joyce that I believe is a reflection of his own life as a boy growing up in Dublin. Joyce uses the voice of a young boy as a narrator; however the narrator seems much more mature then the boy in the story. The story focuses on escape and fantasy; about darkness, despair, and enlightenment: and I believe it is a retrospective of Joyce's look back at life and the constant struggle between ideals and reality. I believe Araby employs many themes; the two most apparent to me are escape and fantasy though I see signs of religion and a boy's first love. Araby is an attempt by the boy to escape the bleak darkness of North Richmond Street. Joyce orchestrates an attempt to escape the "short days of winter", "where night falls early" and streetlights are but "feeble lanterns" failing miserably to light the somberness of the "dark muddy lanes"(Joyce 38). Metaphorically, Joyce calls the street blind, a dead end; much like Dublin itself in the mid 1890s when Joyce lived on North Richmond Street as a young boy. A recurrent theme of darkness weaves itself through the story; the boy hides in shadows from his uncle or to coyly catch a glimpse of his friend Mangan's sister who obliviously is his first love. Araby is about escaping into the world of fantasy. The narrator is infatuated with his friend's sister; he hides in the shadows, peering secluded from a distance trying to spy her "brown figure"(Joyce 38). She is the light in his fantasy, someone who will lift him out of darkness. I see many parallels to my life as a boy growing up in the inner city of Jersey City. We looked for escape also, a trip uptown to Lincoln Park, or take a train ride to New York City where we would gaze at the beauties on 7th Ave. The boy sees the bazaar at Araby as an opportunity to win her over, as a way to light the candle in her eyes. However, the boy is more awkward then shy, his adolescence is an impediment to his quest and he lost for words to speak. I vividly recall those times in my young life, driven by desires and struggling with the lack of experience to get through the moment. He fantasizes about her, how bringing her a gift from the bazaar will capture her heart.

Winning the Fight against Super Bugs

The term ‘antibiotics’ refers to substances that kill bacteria or prevent their growth. Antibiotics are natural substances that are released by bacteria and fungi into their environment to fight other organisms. The use of antibiotics by organisms therefore represents chemical warfare on a microscopic scale. The activity of antibiotics was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 when he observed that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed by the mould Penicillium notatum.The significance of the discovery was however not realized at that time, and it was only in the 1940s when Howard Florey and Ernst Chain isolated the active ingredient and developed the substance in its powdery form, that it was realized that penicillin and other antibiotics could be used as very effective medicines to kill certain types of disease-causing bacteria within the human body. Bacterial infections can be fatal, especially for young children and babies who do not have adequate immunity.Labeled as the ‘wonder drug,’ the use of antibiotics to combat bacterial infections resulted in a significant decrease in the deaths due infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia. Antibiotics are not only used to used to treat human ailments but also bacterial infections in plants and animals. After having been effectively used for almost half a century, a new challenge loomed up in front of humankind in the form of bacteria that turned resistant to antibiotics. These bacteria are known as the ‘superbugs’. Natural antibiotics have probably existed as long as microorganisms have.Certain types of bacteria have therefore undergone adaptation and mutation to overcome the action of antibiotics. These bacteria have learnt to deal with practically all types of antibiotics that are available. They pose a serious problem in the form of diseases that cannot be treated with any medicines. As antibiotics treatment of bacterial infec tions continues, the number and variety of super bugs are bound to increase. It could eventually come to a pass when bacterial infections become as fatal as they were in the days before the discovery of antibiotics.This could lead to a depicted scenario in which the very existence of humankind could be threatened. There is, however, good news. A research led by Dr Adrian Lloyd of the University of Warwick’s Department of Biological Sciences has succeeded in unraveling how the super bug Streptococcus pneumoniae develops its penicillin immunity (University of Warwick, 2008). This finding opens up many new avenues of disrupting the process of development of resistance to antibiotics by the Streptococcus pneumoniae specifically and other super bugs in general.This could enable scientists to restore penicillin as a weapon against these bacteria, as well as restore the efficacy of other types of antibiotics against their respective bacteria. Essentially the study found that a prote in called the MurM was at the root of the development of resistance to antibiotics by the bacteria. Very simply put, Penicillin normally kills off the S. pneumoniae by inhibiting the formation of Peptidoglycan an essential component of the bacterial cell wall which protects the otherwise fragile bacterial cell.When Peptidoglycan is not produced, the protective cell wall of the bacteria is not formed leading to the death of the organism. It had been observed that the protein MurM was linked to changes in the chemical makeup of the Peptidoglycan that was found in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The protein MurM has been found to lead to the formation of particular structures known as the ‘dipeptide bridges’ in the peptidoglycan resulting in the formation of a bacterial cell wall that is resistant to penicillin.â€Å"The Warwick team were able to replicate the activity of MurM in a test tube, allowing them to define the chemistry of the MurM reaction in det ail and understand every key step of how Streptococcus pneumoniae deploys MurM to gain this resistance. † (University of Warwick, 2008). This will enable the Warwick team and any other pharmaceutical researchers to zero in on MurM reaction in the Streptococcus pneumoniae and develop drugs to disrupt the process of development of resistance to penicillin.The result could be designer penicillin antibiotics to be deployed effectively against penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Since the same mechanism works in the development of resistance to antibiotics in other bacteria such as MRSA, the findings of the Warwick University research could open up more fronts in the fight against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Moreover, the researchers have been able to readily reproduce every stage of formation of the peptidoglycan required by the Streptococcus pneumoniae to build up its penicillin-resistant cell wall.This provides pharmaceutical companies different levels at which to attack the process of development of antibiotic resistance that could lead to the invention of an array of modified penicillin for penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The significance of the new findings can be gauged from the fact that Streptococcus pneumonia causes 5 million fatalities worldwide in children. In the United States, it is the cause of infection in 1 million elderly out of which 7% end in fatalities.In every day life the finding can be related to arming a conventional missile with a nuclear warhead. The enemy in this case are the bacteria, and the war is not for the annihilation for the survival of humanity. References -01 University of Warwick (2008, March 15). How Antibiotic Resistant Bugs Became Resistant To Penicillin, And How Penicillin Could Work Again. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 1, 2003, from http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬ /releases/2008/03/080312100041. htm

Non-Accounting Majors

Various accounting principles plays vital role in the success of efficient management of inventories of any companies. Inventories are important aspect of the company since it is the one the determines the available raw materials for the production of the organization, or it could be that it determine the available stocks of the company on their warehouses to be distributed to the market (Robertson, 1998). So much with the importance of inventory management, let us now pay more attention on the importance of accounting to inventory management. Well, the idea of check and balance of accounting could be used by managers assigned in inventory management. Inventories must be checked every now and then depending on the need of the company, the demand and supplies of raw materials must be on balance in order not to affect the operation of the business. Moreover, inventory managers having knowledge in accounting would enables them to determine the allowable level of ending inventories by the end of every period so as to make the financial condition as well as the assets to be stable. There are also times that there are inventories that are non-taxable, therefore, the inventory manager must know how to present those non-taxable inventories to the accountant of the company. The inventory manager should know this kind of principles in order not for the company to pay too much tax and for the smooth flow of data transfer from one department to another since the inventory manager has to identify first those non-taxable inventories before presenting the report to the accounting division. With this, even simply knowledge in accounting would give companies chances of working things smoothly. I am not saying that inventory managers have to acquire accounting studies as well. But the mere basic principles of accounting would be just enough for us to perform our responsibilities well and to avoid committing mistakes as to the proper ways of presenting the needed data of various departments of the organization. REFERENCE Robertson, L. (1998). Managing Inventory [Electronic Version], 1. Retrieved 9-20-07 from http://www.asashop.org/autoinc/july98/mech.htm. Â   Â  

Human and Utilitarianism Essay

Let me begin by defining Utilitarianism: utilitarianism is the belief of doing what is right for the greater number of people. It is a theory used to determine the usefulness of the happiest outcome and how it will affect everyone else. Now, this sounds like a amazing theory, what would be better than making yourself and others happy? I found myself at first agreeing with this theory up until I really looked into it. At first I found myself thinking that not everything is about being happy; some may have to suffer for the happiness of others. For example, there were two boats one contains three criminals on death row being transported to prison and the other boat contains ten happy, loving families simply enjoying a vacation. Both ships have bombs that will go off in a matter of seconds, blowing up both ships and killing everyone. However, there is a solution. I for some odd reason have a device that sets off a bomb on ONE SHIP and deactivates the other. Now the morally right thing to do would be what? What is moral and right? Taking lives? Or saving them? I do not believe in ‘playing God’ or taking lives. I would simply ignore the Utilitarianism way of thinking and walk away. I would let nature take its course. If God has arranged this to happen, then it is meant to happen. Who am I to walk in and ‘play God’ ? I have to say I agree with Hospers when he says â€Å"A hundred men might gain great pleasure from beating up or killing just one Insignificant human being; but other men’s lives are not theirs to dispose of. † (Hospers) A Utilitarian would approach this situation by asking himself/herself, what will bring happiness? What will do good for greater numbers of people? Why should the prisoners get to live? There are only three prisoners, and have done nothing good but cause harm to society. What have these families done? The Utilitarian will start to analyze each detail of the situation. They first see that there are only three prisoners as opposed to ten large families. Hence, there are less people on the prisoners boat. Then he/she will see that the prisoners have already been sentenced to death, all being on death row. However, the main point will be that these are three bad men. Doing bad things, and causing pain and sorrow to others. Why should ten happy families be punished for their wrong doings? The Utilitarian would settle for simply deactivating the bomb on the prisoners boat. Believing that killing them will bring greater good and happiness to all. My argument to this is a human life is a human life; what if one of those men are actually innocent and were convicted for a crime he didn’t commit? What if the other criminal was to be released in the morning and go home to a family of eight children and a loving wife? Truth is we don’t know. Utilitarianism fails to acknowledge that a life is a life- we are not suppose to be playing God. We don’t decide who lives and who dies, even if it is for the greater good. We should just let nature run its course. Utilitarianism is a theory of always choosing pleasure over pain for the greater good of all. I believe that I have kept a closed mind towards Utilitarianism. The prisoners are already on death row, which means they are going to die for the evil they have set loose on our world. Why should I sacrifice the lives of innocent families, for a couple of men that have caused unhappiness to all? I want to reach happiness, as does everyone else in the world. I mean does the world function over what the greater good for all is? Is that why we have soldiers in Iraq sacrificing their lives for the greater good of America? Maybe I have just overlooked all the positive outcomes of Utilitarianism. I find myself agreeing with a lot of what it has to say. I want happiness, I want innocent lives to be saved, and I want to strive for the greater good of all. I find it interesting how easy it is to fall into the comfort of Utilitarianism. It goes along with my morals and values and yet I still feel a sort of guilt. If I were to deactivate the bomb on the ship with the families and let the prisoners die, I would still be taking a human life. In my religion (Catholicism), a life is a life. We must forgive sinners and those who have sinned against us. But if these prisoners are on death row†¦were they already destined to die? Would that already be in God’s plan? Was it God who sacrificed his only son for all of us sinners? I feel in a way that makes God himself a follower of utilitarianism. He set the example of offering his only son for our sins, to open the gates of heaven for everyone. Yet one of the Ten Commandments is â€Å"Thou shall not kill. † Is that not hypocritical? As I keep analyzing this situation I realize that God is God. He decides who lives and who dies, not us. I feel that it’s hard to stick to my morals when hearing the theory of Utilitarianism. Allowing someone to die at my hand for the greater good, for happiness of others. That just sounds selfish to me, kind of like the holocaust. Did all those innocent Jews endure experimentation and torture for the greater good of all? I mean, if it weren’t for these grotesque experiments we wouldn’t know the maximum altitude that crews in damaged planes can parachute safely to the ground or find the cure/treatment for hypothermia. The Jews were used as guinea pigs for the greater good of everyone else. Is that not Utilitarianism? So many people could have died of hypothermia if that experiment was never conducted. But how many innocent lives were lost to reach this conclusion? Is there a limit to how much sacrifice should be made for the greater good? There should be. This is where I cannot connect with Utilitarianism, the fact that some sort of evil has to be done to help others. I see hypocrisy in this theory; it wants happiness but wants to rule out evil. People are evil, mean and rude. No one can be happy all the time; no one can bring eternal happiness. This takes me back to my original example, who would I save? The prisoners on death row or the innocent families? The Utilitarian’s seem to have a more interesting argument. Its funny how by writing this paper, my views changed. I look at the situation differently now. I do not feel as biased and conservative as before. My ideas have changed to a more liberal understanding sense. Why release these evil me back into the world? We have enough chaos and evil. These are just three men who chose their paths and now have to pay for it. They were sentenced to death for a reason, I will not be held responsible for the innocence of happy families, children, parents, aunts and uncles. They are not in prison because they have not done anything wrong. They simply stepped onto a ship, whose fate I now hold in my hands. I have made my choice; I will deactivate the bomb on the families boat and let the prisoners face death.

The Price by Arthur Miller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Price by Arthur Miller - Essay Example Miller’s "The Price" is one of the most entertaining and engaging plays adapted since 1968. Although it was one of Miller’s lesser-known works, it is worthy to have a space in center stage. The play deals with the family’s old wounds and confrontations of consequences of decisions made in the past. It also depicted how people place blame on others when their lives turn off the course. Garry Hynes’ direction of The Price did not deviate from the original script written by Miller. Her choice of well-seasoned actors for the characters is well acclaimed. Her cast includes Sam Robards, John Bedford Lloyd, Kate Burton and Alan Mandell. Sam Robards played the character of Victor Franz who grew up with envy and antagonism towards his brother Walter. He was able to portray Victor’s character very well. His actions were well calculated and with good energy such that in the part where he hit a brick wall that he built by himself. He attacked the character of Victor with resentment in a manner that the audience can really see and feel. He carried the night and became the heart of The Price. John Bedford Lloyd played the character of a successful, wealthy doctor and brother of Victor, Walter Franz. He was very mysterious in character such that the audience cannot clearly point it out if his intentions were selfless or manipulative. He made sure he does prematurel y expose the complications of Walter’s character. He was able to bring out the character in timing rightly. Kate Burton, who played Victor’s wife Esther, moved the character back and forth from being a caring wife and a condescending drinking wife who wants to leave Victor. She was constantly pushing his husband to succeed and stop embarrassing her. Alan Mandell flawlessly portrayed the lovable character of an eighty-nine-year-old appraiser of antique and furniture named Gregory Solomon.  

Romania Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Romania - Essay Example The Revolution in Romania in 1989 led to scores of deaths and put an end to Communist rule in Romania. Ceausescu and his wife were summarily produced before a sham court, declared guilty of mass murder, sentenced and executed by the end of 1989. If we step away from these incidents and look at the years preceding, we will see that till 1947 Romania was truly liberal in its politics and economic organization. During the next twelve years Soviet style government was imposed on Romania and the party's dictates had to be followed, The Securitate (police) was at the centre of a net of covert Russian style security system created to keep a watch on even private lives of people, this was later to be exploited by Ceausescu. The activities of the Church were restricted and in its stead, mass organizations were put into place mainly to harness public opinion. Stalinist style planning was introduced and industrial production tended to lean more toward heavy machinery rather than goods for mass consumption. Artists and writers were expected to express the views of the State. Everything Soviet was eulogized and emulated. But, Romanians did not sympathize with this regime. This resistance led to the imposition of COMECON and the Warsaw Treaty Organization, created to counter the military and economic influence of the Western Allies. Increasing disenchantment with Communist Russia and the emergence of Romanian national Communism led to a relatively liberal period during the 1960's when curbs on artists were relaxed and health care and social benefits were introduced along with interactions with the United States. This situation even led to the "declaration of independence" by the Romanian Communist Party m albeit still under the basic Communist structure. Nicolae Ceausescu continued with this 'liberal' trend disallowing Warsaw Pact military maneuvers in Romania and really showed his fangs when he suddenly advocated a return to rigid orthodoxy when once again, private life was intruded on and the supremacy of the Party was above all. 2 In his 24 years in power Ceausescu attempted to spread Communism through his ban on abortion from the 1960's. This was supposed to increase the Communist population to over 20 million by the beginning of the second millennium. To enforce this, a clampdown was imposed on abortions and the use of contraceptives coupled with a law stating that each couple has at least five children. Monetary rewards were bestowed after the birth of each child and a family with more children would be given 500 lei monthly. The result was that the overwhelming population of children had to be moved to orphanages. Over 100000 million children were inmates of these state run orphanages and living under the threat of imminent disease and abuse. The healthy ones were picked to be trained to join the infamous state police or Securitate and the frail were left to their own fate in filthy conditions m uncared for and unwanted.3 In conclusion it should be mentioned that after Ceausescu's execution, these orphanages were visited by journalists and then the impact of the calamity was really felt. But nothing much has been done about these orphanages - the children continue to remain there under terrible conditions and inadequate medical care. With

What Drives Chinese Into Buying Luxury Goods in the 21st Century Dissertation

What Drives Chinese Into Buying Luxury Goods in the 21st Century - Dissertation Example The fact that the demand for luxury goods by the Chinese population is increasing rapidly has become a theme of discussion in the international market. This research incorporates qualitative as well as quantitative research to identify the factors that influence patterns of buying decisions of the Chinese consumers regarding luxury commodities. According to Vickers & Renand (2003) have said that China is one of the top three markets for luxury products in the worldwide economy. China has acquired the top position in demand for a variety of consumer goods, among which luxury goods occupy 19 percent of the demand (Stalk and Michael, 2011). In the demand a large range of other consumer goods China is the second position holder in the world. The consumers in China are steadily becoming brand conscious. It puts significant effect on their decision making about purchase of luxury goods. Their addiction to brands is allowing the Chinese market to make place for itself in the international luxury market and also helping the global luxury brands to increase their influence on the Chinese customers. What are the factors that influence the buying behaviour of Chinese consumers, leading them to purchase luxury goods? Research Hypothesis, Aims, and Objectives Hypothesis The economic growth in China has influenced the buying behavior of Chinese consumers, driving them to buy more luxury goods, brought about by an increase in their purchasing power. Aim This research aims at identifying factors that influence patterns of buying decisions that make Chinese consumers to increase their level of luxury goods consumption over the years. Objectives of the study The objectives of research are different for different individuals and organizations (Srivastava, 2011). The objectives of this study are mentioned below: To explain the phenomenal

Cakes case study on ops & supply chain management - 1

Cakes on ops & supply chain management - Case Study Example nufacturing industry, the manner in which resources are handled, among them time, provides a measure of how productive the business model is and how much it is able to make use of 100% of the resources to result to 100% value and quality management. On the other hand, the retail industry which provides final consumers with consumer products makes use of the lean concept through the consideration of factors such as the channels of ordering, the human resource required, and the number of other factors to be considered between the time of order placement to the time of delivery to the consumer (Maleyeff, 2012). In the application of the lean concept, several factors are considered. Among these are resources that are directly in control of the business model at hand. This means that internal operations are the only operations the business model can control. However, it is observed that various considerations have to be considered when handling internal operations. For instance, it is observed that the number of factors affecting the productivity within a business model include time management. Time management and the utilization of other resources go hand in hand. The lean concept points that the operations of a company or a business model can be manipulated in manner that processes use the optimal resources under a defined and well strategized timeframe. In this case, while processes such as those involved in a bakery or confectionary companies, require various inputs aimed at bringing out one outcome. Under this example, it is observed that processes such as the ordering of ingredients fr om the companies’ inventories must ensure that orders are on time and dispatch of the ingredients is at par with other processes’ schedules. While processes such as the cleanup of equipment as well as the preparation of the next batch make use of time management and material management (Barrad, & Sipper, 1988). On the other hand, while inventory is a major component of the

Unionized Workers In America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unionized Workers In America - Essay Example In response to the strikes, RCA moved its operations from Camden to Bloomington (Romero 175). The same argument can be used to argue for the reason behind the dramatic changes in the number of unionized workers over the period from 1930 to 2003. During the early period of the 1930s and 1940s, most of the American companies set up their manufacturing hubs in different parts America. Initially, the corporations paid less salary to the members and extracted greater output from them. However, with the formation of unions, the workers started demanding more wages and this resulted in the fact that the manufacturing bases were often shifted from one place to another. However, with the rise of pressure from the worker's unions the management started getting cornered and were forced to comply with the demands of the workforce. However, with the start of globalization, the companies realized that they could get the same level of output as they were presently getting if they shifted the manufa cturing bases to countries like India and China. As the companies started to shift their manufacturing bases to third world countries the number of workers in America got reduced and this resulted in the fall of unionized workers in the USA. ConclusionThe above essay tries to provide an explanation behind the rise and fall of the number of unionized workers in America over the period from 1930 to 2002. The probable explanation is the shift of the manufacturing bases to third world countries.

The dramatic significance Essay Example for Free

The dramatic significance Essay Although in the previous act we were briefly introduced to the characters, their statuses were made clearer than their personalities which are conveyed in further depth in this scene. Prosperos story told to Miranda gives the audience a grasp of the identities of the people on stage in relation to him and why he may want them on the island in the certain groups, which is imperative if the audience is to understand the motives behind the characters actions both beforehand and presently. This is shown in the conversation between Antonio and Sebastian, as we were made aware of their crudeness and selfishness in the first scene, but it is only now that the relationship between them is conveyed. This is depicted by the continuation of each others jokes, and the similar way in which they view the situation: ADRIAN: The air breathes upon us here most sweetly. SEBASTIAN: As if it had lungs and rotten ones. ANTONIO: Or astwere perfumed by a fen. The motive of Antonios subjugation over his brother is also explained sub-textually. Shakespeare never states specifically, but it is suggested towards the end of this scene when Antonios pure ambition and lack of conscience is expressed. The audience could have believed that he had honest intention beforehand, as maybe he took Prosperos position as he was neglecting his duty, but this scene proves differently. Although him and Sebastian both share the same sardonic cynicism, with Antonio it conceals an underlying cunning and manipulative nature, unseen and unheard of formerly. O, If you but knew how you the purpose cherish Whiles thus you mock it! Sebastian on the other hand, displays a weaker disposition and so Antonio grasps the opportunity to use this to his advantage and use him for his own personal gain, giving an element of suspense to this scene as the act is not completed. It is important that each scene has a certain element of this, as if it seems that nothing is to happen, the audience will loose interest. Antonio has not changed at all from 12 years ago when we were first informed of him, unlike Alonso.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tablets In Pharmaceutical Industry

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tablets In Pharmaceutical Industry Introduction Tablets are solid dosage forms usually containing active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipients in powder, crystalline or granular form with or without diluents which is prepared either by moulding or compression process. They are solid, biconvex or flat in shape and vary in size, shape and weight which is depends on the medicaments which are used for preparation. They are also varying in hardness, disintegration; dissolution characteristics and thickness depend on their intended use and method of manufacture. Tablets are the most widely used solid dosage forms because of their advantages and popularity increasing day by day. Tablet usually contains filler, diluents, binders, lubricants, glidants, disintegrants, antiadherent, colouring agents and flavouring agents as excipients.[Ansels Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Eighth Edition, Loyd V. Allen, Jr, Nicholos G. Popovich, Howard C. Ansel, 2005, pp-228-245] Advantages of tablets Unit dosage forms with accurate, stable dose and great precision and least variability. Most stable with respect to physical, chemical and microbiological attributes. Cheapest oral dosage form, easy to handle, use and carry out with attractive and elegant appearance. Cheap, easy to swallow and production does not require and additional processing steps. Provide protection of medicaments from atmospheric conditions like air, moisture and light, etc. Provide prolonged stability to medicaments. Low manufacturing cost as compare to other solid dosage forms and large scale production is possible. Administration of minute dose of drug in accurate amount. Unpleasant taste can be masked by sugar coating. Easy to divide into halves and quarters whenever fraction dose is required. Formulate as a special release products such as enteric or delayed release products. Packing and production is cheap and does not require more space for storage. Disadvantages of tablets Drugs which are amorphous and low density character are difficult to compress into tablet. Hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for compressed tablets. Drugs with low or poor water solubility, sloe dissolution, high absorbance in GI tract may be difficult to formulate. Sensitive to oxygen drugs may require special coating. Cost of production may be increase because of coating and encapsulation to remove bitter and unpleasant taste. Some tablet may cause problem in bioavailability. Difficult to formulate liquid in tablet and swallowing is difficult especially for children and ill patients. Types of tablets There are many types of tablets according to the intended of use and manufacturing process. [A] Oral tablet intended for ingestion Compressed tablets: Tablets can be made by compression of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredient with excipients by basic methods of tablet manufacturing. These types of tablets usually intended to provide raid drug release and disintegration. Tablets are coated after compression. Multiple compressed tablets: Multiple compressed tablets are prepared by compressing the material more than once. These are known as multiple layered tablets or tablet within tablet. Layered are depends on number of fills. Layered tablets are prepared by compaction of fill material in die followed by additional of fill material and compression. Delayed action or Enteric coated tablets: These types of tablets contain a coating which resist dissolution of tablets in Gastro Intestinal Track (GIT) and disintegrate in intestinal fluids thus rendering delayed release features. Enteric coating is generally apply when drug substance is unstable in gastric fluid and may destroyed or may cause irritation in gastric mucosa or to extent absorption of drug from intestine. Normally coating materials mixed with acid and acid functionality or modified natural polymers. Most commonly used coating polymers are: Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phthalate. Sugar coated tablet: Compressed tablets may be coated with coloured or uncoloured sugar coating and the coater is water soluble and dissolve quickly after swallowing. Sugar coat protects drug from environment, remove bitter taste and odour, enhance the appearance of tablet and permit identifying information. Sugar coating has some disadvantages like increase coat of production, require expertise for coating, increase size and weight. Film coated tablets: Tablets are compressed with a thin layer of polymer which forms a skin like film over tablet. The film is usually coloured, more durable and less bulky. The coating is designed to rupture and expose of tablet at desired location within GIT. Most commonly used polymers are Hydroxy propyl cellulose, Hydroxy ethyl and propyl methyl cellulose. Chewable tablet: These types of tablets have smooth surface, creamy base and usually flavoured and coloured mannitol, rapid disintegration which allow dissolving quickly in mouth. These types mostly useful for administration of large dose to children and adults. [B]Tablet used for oral cavity Buccal tablets and sublingual tablets: Buccal and sublingual tablets are flat in shape and intended to dissolve drug in buccal cavity or beneath the tongue for mucosa absorption. These techniques useful for drugs which are destroyed by gastric fluid or poor absorption in GIT. Buccal tablets erode slowly and sublingual tablets dissolve quickly and produce rapid effect. Troches and Lozenges: They are intended to slowly dissolution mostly for local effect but sometimes for systemic absorption. Troches and Lozenges are disc shaped which contain active ingredient and flavouring agent in hard candy or sugar base. Dental cones: dental cones are designed to place in the empty socket for prevention of bacterial growth and sometime bleeding by containing coagulant. Dental cones release slowly for long duration. [C] Tablets for other routes Vaginal tablet: Vaginal tablets are prepared by compression and shaped to fit snugly on plastic inserter devices in uncoated bullet shaped or ovoid tablets which are inserted into vagina for local effects with slow dissolution. They contain anti bacterial effect and also called vaginal inserts. Implantation tablet: Implantation tablets are injected under the skin by giving a small surgical cut into the skin. A special injector a hallow needle and plunger may require for administration. Purpose of these tablets is to prolong drug effect from month to year. These tablets are implanted intramuscularly or subcutaneous so they must be sterile and packed in sterile container. [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7,21] [D] Tablets for solution Effervescent tablet: Effervescent tablets prepared by compression of granular salts which release in contact with water. Dispensing tablets: These types of tablets are no longer use because they had dangerous potential. They might be termed compounding tablets because it contain highly potent drug and pharmacist use it for compound prescription. Hypodermic tablets: Hypodermic tablets are soft moulded tablets which contain soluble ingredient and used for extemporaneous parenteral preparation by physician. They are no longer in use because it is difficult to achieve sterility and availability of stable liquid. Tablet triturates: tablet triturates are rarely use now a days because they are obsolete. They are small, cylindrical, molded which contain small amount of potent drug. They must be readily soluble in water and minimum amount pressure require during manufacture. Triturates inserted into capsules or dissolved in liquid to provide accurate potent drug. Tablet Excipients: Excipients are substance other that active ingredient in formulation of tablet. The roles of excipients are to ensure tabletting operation satisfactory and ensure that tablets of specified quality are prepared. Depend on intended use; they are subcategorised in different groups. However excipients affect properties of tablets. Diluents or filler A small amount of powder requires forming suitable size tablet for easy handling. Normally tablet weigh 50mg so some amount of bulk drug requires to incorporation in formulation of tablet which enhance size of tablet. These powders known as diluents or fillers. The ideal dilute should have following properties- cheap, chemically inert, acceptable taste, good compactability and dilution capacity, biocompatible, good biopharmaceutical properties and non hygroscopic. A single substance cannot fulfil all these requirements so different substance have gained use as diluents mainly carbohydrates and inorganic salts sometimes. The most common diluent is lactose because it possess a sires of good properties like dissolves readily in water, has a pleasant taste, non hygroscopic is fairly non reactive and shows good compact ability. Its main limitation is that some people have intolerance to lactose. Basically lactose exists in two forms crystalline and amorphous. Other sugar and sugar alcohols such as glucose, sucrose, and mannitol have been used as alternative fillers, mostly in chewable tablets or lozenges because of their pleasant taste. Other important example of the filler is an inorganic substance, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate. It is insoluble in water and also non hygroscopic but have hydrophilic property i.e. easily wetted by water. It also has good flow ability and therefore it is used mostly in direct compaction. [Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007.] [ Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303.] Disintegrants: According to Michael, 2007, a disintegrant is added in formulation of tablet, which promotes drug dissolution and provide an effective surface area, when comes in contact to liquid and breaks down in small fragments. The process of disintegration for tablet occurs in main two steps [1] Tablet wets by sold and pores it [2] Breaks down of tablet into small fragments which include aggregation of primary particles into small drug particles. Disintegrant suggested in some mechanism such as swelling of particles, wetting reaction, repulsion of particle and particle recovery. Most common types of disintegrants in tablets are maize, potato and corn starch. the concentration of starch is up to 10% required but today normally modified starch or modified cellulose are used which are very high swelling disintegrants. So its requires typically 1-5% by weight which facilitate particle-particle repulsion. However, disintegrants can be mixed with other ingredients such as granules to increase effective disintegration of the tablet into smaller fragments. Leon Lachman et al, 1991, suggested that other group of disintegrants may function by producing gas, normally carbon dioxide, in contact with water. This types of disintegrants used in effervescent tablets and normally not in tablets that should be swallowed as a solid. The liberation of carbon dioxide is achieved by the decomposition of carbonate salts or bicarbonate in contact with acidic water. The acidic pH is obtained by adding citric acid and tartaric acid. [ Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007. 3. Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303] Binder Binder is added to the tablet or filler mixture to ensure that tablets and granules have sufficient mechanical strength. There are several ways to add it in powder- Mixed with powder before wet granulation which completely or partially dissolves during agglomeration process by agglomeration liquid. Mixed with other ingredient as a dry powder solution before compaction process As a solution used as agglomeration liquid during wet granulation. Typically 2-10% of binders or dry binders are used in formulation. Most tradition common binders are starch, sucrose and gelatine but now most common are polyvinylpyrrolidone and cellulose derivatives which have improved adhesive properties. Examples of dry binders are microcrystalline cellulose and crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone. Solution binders are most effective therefore it is incorporated in granules. Glidant The role of the Glidant is to improve the flow ability of the powder. Glidants are used in formulation for direct compaction but they are also used in granulation process before tabletting which ensure flow ability of tablet mass for high speed production. Traditionally talc has been used as glidant about 1-2% concentration in formulation but nowadays the most commonly used glidant is colloidal silica added in very low proportion about 0.2% by weight.[ Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007. 3. Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303] Lubricant The function of lubrication is to ensure low lubrication between solid and the die wall during tablet formation and ejection. High friction during tabletting can cause a series of problems such as inadequate tablet quality and may even stop production. Lubrication is most important which included in most of production. Lubrication can get by mainly two mechanism, fluid lubrication and boundary lubrication. In fluid lubrication, liquid is achieved between die surface and tablet surface which separates the moving surfaces of the solids from each other and reduces the friction. While in boundary lubrication, it is considered as a surface phenomenon, as here moving surface is separated by a very thin layer of lubricants. Such boundary lubricants are Stearic acid salts, primarily Magnesium Stearate which is most widely use due to its superior lubrication properties. Besides reducing friction, lubricants may also causes undesirable changes such as reducing tablet strength with bonding between the particles during compaction. Because of hydrophobic properties of lubricants, tablet disintegration and dissolution are often retarded by the addition of lubricants. Thus, minimum amount of lubricants are used, i.e. concentrations of 1% or below, often 0.25-0.5%.in order to avoid these negative effects, more hyd rophilic substances have been suggested as alternatives to the hydrophobic lubricants. For example, surface active agents and polyethylene glycols and sometimes a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances might also be used. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Antiadherent Antiadherent are substance which reduce adhesion between powder and punch faces which prevent sticking of particles to punches. The sticking is mainly affected by moisture content of the powder. Such adherence especially prone to happen if the tablet punches have marking or symbols which lead to a build of thin layer of powder on the punches which in turn will lead to an uneven and matt tablet surface with unclear markings or symbols. Some lubricants such as Magnesium Stearate have also antiadherent properties. However, other substances with limited ability to reduce friction can also act as antiadherent such as talc and starch. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Sorbents Sorbents are substances which has capacity to sorbing some quantities of fluid into dry state. So oil and oil-drug solutions can be incorporated into mixture of powder and compacted into tablets. Most commonly used sorbents are Microcrystalline Cellulose and Silica. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Flavouring agents Flavouring agents are incorporated into a formulation to remove unpleasant taste of bitter drug or to make tablet more pleasant or mask. This can be achieved by coating or by adding some drug particles. Most of Flavouring agents are thermolabile so it cannot be added in process which involve heating. They are mixed with granules as alcoholic solution. Colouring agents The aim to add colourant is to aid identification of tablet, improve looks of tablet and patient compliance. Mostly, colourant are added during coating of tablet but some of colourant may be added in formulation prior to compaction. Colourant may be added as an insoluble powder or dissolved in granulation liquid and the latter procedure may produce colour variation by migration of soluble dye during drying stage. Method of tablet preparation Three types method of tablet preparation- [1] Direct compression method [2] Wet granulation [3] Dry granulation Direct compression method Some chemicals have free flowing and cohesive properties so they are enable to compress directly in a tablet machine without granulation of it. Some chemicals lacking of these qualities so some excipients like filler, disintegrants agents, lubricants and glidants are used to impart these qualities for production of tablets by direct compression. Figure (A) Steps of direct compression tableting Some precaution must be taken during direct compression to avoid air entrapment which cause capping, splitting, or laminating of tablets. Forced feeders or induced feeders are used to reduce air entrapment, make filling powder more dense and amenable to compaction. Capping also may be caused by punches that are not perfectly clean and flawlessly smooth or by too much fines granulation. Some aged or improperly stored tablets also may exhibit splitting and other physical deformations. Wet granulation Granulation is process in which primary powder particles are made to form large and these types of multi particle called granules. In pharmaceutical industry, granules are useful in production of tablets and capsules in ranges of particle size between0.2 to 0.5mm. Granulation prevents segregation of constituents of powder, improve flow ability of powder, improve compaction characteristics of mixture and reduce toxic dust. Wet granulation is widely used method for production of compressed tablets which include flowing steps- Weighting and blending In this step, specified quantities of active ingredient, diluents or fillers, and disintegrating agents are mixed by mechanical powder blender or mixture until uniform. Most widely used fillers are lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, powdered sucrose, and calcium phosphate. Selections of filler depend on the experience of manufacture, cost and compatibility with formulation. Among the fillers, lactose is most preferred because of its solubility and compatibility, and microcrystalline cellulose, because of its easy compaction compatibility and consistent uniformity of supply. Disintegrating agents include croscarmellose, corn and potato starches, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVP), cation exchange resins, alginic acid and other materials which swell or expand on exposure to moisture and helps to breakup tablets in gastrointestinal track (GIT). Mainly croscarmellose and sodium starch glycolate are used because of their high water uptake and rapid action. Mostly up to 5-10% of starch is suitable for formulation, but up to about 20% may be used to facilitate more rapid tablet disintegration. The total amount of disintegrant is not always used but sometime it added in preparation of granulation and sometime half of it added to tablet formation which called double disintegration of tablet. One portion of disintegrant assist breakup of tablet into pieces and other portion breakup pieces into particles. Preparation of Damp Mass A liquid binder is now added to the powder to facilitate adhesion of powder particles. A damp mass resembling dough is formed and used to prepare the granulation. A good binder is very important for hardness of tablet and does not hinder the release of drug from the tablet. Most widely used binders are povidone, an aqueous preparation of corn starch (10-20%), methyl cellulose (3%), carboxymethylcellulose, and microcrystalline cellulose. Some drugs may be adversely affected by an aqueous binder then non-aqueous solutions or dry binder may be used. The amount of binders is a part of operation which maintains integrity of tablet after compression. However, care must be exercised not to over or underwet powder otherwise underwet can result too hard granules for proper tablet formulation and overwet can result too soft and tend to crumble in under wetting. After getting desired dump mass a colorant or flavorant may be added to prepare a granulation with an added features. Screening Damp Mass into Pellets and Granules The Dump Mass is pressed through 6 or 8 mesh size to prepare granules. This process may be done by hand or by special equipment which prepares granules by extrusion process. The final product are spread on large piece of paper in trays and dried. Drying the granulation Granules may be dried in special drying cabinets which is thermostatically controlled at constantly record the time, temperature and humidity. Fluid bed drier and tray drier are commonly used for during process. Sizing the granulation by Dry Screening After drying, the granules are passed through a screen of a smaller mess than that used to prepare the original granulation. The size of granules depends upon the size of the punches to be used. Usually 12 to 20 mesh sizes are used for granulation. Sizing of the granules is necessary so that the die cavities for tablet compression may be completely or rapidly filled by the free flowing granules. Voids or air spaces left by too large a granulation result in production of uneven tablets. Adding Lubrication and Blending After dry screening, a dry lubricant is spread over the granulation through a fine mess screen which contributes to preparation of compressed tablets. Among the most commonly used lubricants are talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, and sodium stearyl fumarate in ranges of 0.1% to 5%. Lubricants improve flow property of granules form hooper ti die, prevent adhesion during compaction, reduce friction between die and punch and provide a sheen final product. Figure (B) Tablet compression by wet granulation [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7, 21] Some special wet granulation techniques High shear mixture granulation Fluid bed granulation Extrusion- spheronisation Spray drying Dry granulation In this method, powder mixer is compressed in large pieces and subsequently broken down or sized into granules. In this method, either active ingredient or diluent must have cohesive properties. This method is basically applied to materials which cannot be prepared by wet granulation because of moisture degradation properties or thermo-mobile properties of granules. It is carried out by two steps: Slugging: After weighing and the mixing of ingredients, the powder mixture is slugged or compressed into large flat tablets about one inch in diameter. Slugs are than broken up hand or mill and passed through a screen of desired mess for sizing and sometimes lubricant are added and prepared by compression. Roller compaction: Instead of slugging, powder compactors may be used to increase the density of a powder by pressing it between rollers at 1 ton to 6 tons of pressure. The compact material is broken up, sized, and lubricated, and tablets are prepared by compression. Commonly used binding agents are methyl cellulose or hydroxylmethyl cellulose (6-12%) which produces good hardness and friability of tablet. Figure (C) Tablet compression by Dry Granulation [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7, 21] Tableting of granulation: There are different types of tabletting machines which are used in the productivity but similar in basic function and operation. They all compress tablet formulation within steel die cavity by the pressure exerted by the movement of two steel punches, lower punch and an upper punch. Problems in manufacture of tablet Capping and lamination: Capping means partial and complete separation of the top or bottom crowns of a tablet from main body of a tablet. While lamination is term used to describe the separation of the two or more distinct layers. Some reasons which are responsible for these problems are as follows: Air is entrapped among the particles during the compression process and does not escape until compression pressure is released. Die wall pressure causes enough internal stress to cause a crack which is due to plastic deformation of the particles during compaction. Sometimes due to deep concave or bevelled edge punches. Development of wear ring. This problem can reduced or eliminated by slowing tabletting rate, granules with sufficient moisture, pre-compression, using flat punches, correct adjustment punches. [Porter, S C, 1981, Tablet coating, Drug Cosmetic Indu, May 46, June 44, Aug 40, Sept 50] Weight variation: This is very important in process control measurement. If anything that can alter the die filling process can alter tablet weight, it causes weight variation because the weight of the tablet being compressed is determined by the amount of the granulation in the die prior to compression. Some causes of variation are large granules, poor mixing of granules with lubricants and glidants, poor granulation flow from hopper, double impression and punch variation. Picking Picking is the term used to describe the surface material from tablet that is sticking to being removed from the tablets surface by a punch. It concerns when punching tips have engraving or embossing Sticking Sticking is usually referred to adhesion of tablet material to die wall. Because of that, lower punch cannot move freely and additional force is required to overcome friction between die wall and the tablet. These problems can be solved by design large lettering, adding polishing agent such as colloidal silica or additional lubricants. Some low melting point substances such as polyethylene glycol may also cause sticking at the heat of compression. Such Remedies are addition of high melting point materials and consequently increasing size of tablet. Mottling: Mottling is term used unequal distribution of colour on a tablet with light and dark areas. Its due to colour difference of drug with excipients or drugs whose degradation product is coloured. Such problems might be solved by using colorants but it can cause mottling on the top of surface when granulation undergoes drying. To overcome difficulties, it require to change solvent system, binder system and by reducing temperature. Tablet coating Tablet coating is application of coating of material to the exterior of tablet with some intentional benefits. It is also intended for modified release applications. Main three types of coating are- Film coating Sugar coating Press coating Coating of tablets are for following purposes- [1] Protection from environment, light and moisture [2] To remove bitter taste of some tablets and for easy swallowing of tablets [3] Colour coating mask differences in appearance which effect on patient compliance [4] Rapid identification by manufacturer, pharmacist and patient [5] Functional films can enable sustained and enteric protection [6] Improve looks (elegance), masks and minor difference in raw material appereance [7] Enhance strength, reduce dust and cross contamination Film coating This is more modern and widely used for tablet coating. Most of newly launched coated products are film coated rather than sugar coating. Film coating involves covering of tablet by thin film layer of coating liquid (polymer). Coating liquid is sprayed in a rotating tablet bed or bed fluidised tablet which contains plasticizer, polymer, colourant and solvent. The drying condition permits removal of solvent and leaves a thin layer around each tablet. Sometimes aqueous solution or organic solutions are used to reduce elimination of volatile organic compound, health and safety and cost reduction purposes. Film coating polymer should have following properties- [1] Optimum solubility to facilitate dissolution of final product. High soluble for immediate release and low soluble for controlled release. [2] Optimum viscosity to permit and trouble free spraying of solution. [3] Optimum permeability to optimize shelf life of tablet preparation and some tuned to provide an effective barrier oxygen and water vapour. [4] Good mechanical strength to withstand the impact and abrasion encountered in normal handling which avoids cracks and imperfections. Cellulose derivatives like Hydroxypropylmethylcellulosa (HPMC), methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and Methacrylate amino ester copolymer are available polymer for film coating. Sugar coating Sugar coating involves the successive application of sucrose based solutions to tablet cores in suitable equipment. Some stages in production of sugar coated tablets are- [1] Sealing of tablet core- provide water proofing core from coating process and shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate are normally used in sealing process. [2] Sub coating- it is the actual start of sugar coating which provides necessary build-up to roundup the tablet edge. Bulking agents such as calcium carbonate or talc added in sucrose solution with gum. [3] Smoothing it increases tablet size to predetermined dimension by syrup solution. This solution contains pigments, starch, gelatine, acacia or opacifier. [4] Colouring- dyes or pigments [5] Polishing- tablets need to be polished to achieve final elegance by waxes like beeswax, carnubawax or hard paraffin. [6] Printing Difference between sugar and film coating Press coating Press coating involves compaction of granules material around core of tablet with the use of compressing equipment like Manesty Drycota. Today press coating is used in to separate incompatible placed core and coating layer. This process requires some care and large or irregularly sized agglomerate of granules may cause core to tilt in die. Disadvantages of process arise from complexities of mechanism used in compression equipment. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Sc